Chapter 6
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
I. Energy
   * Energy is the ability to do work, the source of energy for organisms is food._
   A. Autotrophs
     1. Use the energy in sunlight, CO2, and water to make
        food (glucose and carbohydrates).
     2. Called "producers"
     3. Include plants, algae, and some prokaryotes (usually green in color)
     4. Autotrophs and their stored food are sources of energy for heterotrophs
   B. Heterotrophs
      1. Cannot make their own food
      2. Called "consumers"
      3. Include animals, fungi, and many single cell organisms
      4. Get their food (energy) directly or indirectly from autotrophs
         a) Ex. Zebras and Lions
         b) Much energy is lost as heat

II. ATP and Energy Transfer
   A. Energy Storage and Release
      1. Solar energy is stored in glucose
      2. Food is digested and the glucose is sent to the cells of the body
      3. The cells (mitochondria) release the energy and store it 	in molecule called ATP (cell fuel)
      4. ATP when used by the cell becomes ADP
      5. ADP goes back to the mitochondria to become ATP 	again

III. Photosynthesis
  • Is the process by which autotrophs convert sunlight to a usable form of energy
  • CO2 + H2O ->C6H1206 + O2
   A. Light and Pigments
      1. Light is made of wavelengths
      2. Pigments absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflects or transmits others
      3. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and makes plants and algae green.
      4. Carotenoids make Fall colors when chlorophyll is no longer made.
   B. Chloroplasts
      1. Where photosynthesis takes place? contain chlorophyll
      2. Are made of thylakoids, grana, and stoma
   C. Reactions in Photosynthesis
      1. Light Reaction - captures light energy, makes ATP's, breaks apart H20 and CO2
      2. Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle) - Uses the ATP's to make C6H12O6 out of the Hydrogen, Carbon, and
         Oxygen released in the Light Reaction.
   D. Other Carbon-Fixing Pathways
      1. Cactus store CO during the night to use during the day.

IV. Glycolysis and Aerobic Respiration
  • Cellular Respiration breaks down glucose (sugar) and releases its energy for the cell's use
  • Mostly occurs in the mitochondria, water and CO2 are made as waste products
   A. Glycolysis
      1. Makes NADH and 2 ATP
   B. Aerobic Respiration
      1. Uses oxygen
      2. Made of the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transfer
   C. Krebs Cycle
      1. Produces 4 ATPs, NADH, FADH2
   D. Electron Transport
      1. 30 ATP's are made from the NADH and FADH2

V. Anaerobic Respiration
  • Breaks down glucose without oxygen
   A. Alcoholic Fermentation
      1. Done by yeast
      2. Makes 2 ATP's and alcohol
   B. Lactic Acid Fermentation
      1. Occurs in animals when they don't get enough oxygen
      2. Causes fatigue and soreness
      3. Lactic acid then goes though aerobic respiration when oxygen is available.